Many educated Christians maintain that the Bible is compatible with the theory of Evolution, which states that lifeforms on earth share a common ancestor, and are descended from earlier lifeforms. This position is adopted because the evidence for common descent (e.g., endogenous retroviruses, ubiquitous reflexive behaviors in vertebrates like yawning, DNA similarity, etc.) is overwhelming, and so rejecting Evolution creates a cognitive dissonance in the mind of someone who deals fairly with the issue.
The main problem for Christians who believe in Evolution, and purport to accept mainstream scientific understandings of the earth, is the book of Genesis, which presents a rather straightforward cosmology involving creation by God in a particular order. The entire account is at odds with what is now known scientifically about the earth.
For instance:
All of this contradicts what is scientifically known about the earth. The standard reply by an educated Christian to someone pointing out this fact is to relegate this account to allegory. However, it is better put into the category of a creation myth - something which attempts to explain how the world was created, and something very much intended to be taken literally by its readers.
"Allegory" suggests that the author knows that what they are writing is not strictly true, but are trying to convey a very specific message to their readers by the use of symbolism. This is not that. There is no evidence in Jewish history that the average Jew read this in a sort of "wink-wink, we know this is just a tall tale, but the point is, God created the earth" kind of way, as it is taken by modern educated Christians. The account does not simply stop at stating that God created the earth. Instead, it attempts to undertake to describe exactly how it was done, and in what order, and later scientific discovery proved that that description was completely inaccurate.
To the issue of the creation of mankind, everywhere the topic is spoken on in the Bible, Adam is presented as being specially created by God, and being the progenitor of the human race (Genesis 2:5-8: 1 Chronicles 1:1, Luke 3:38, Romans 5:14: 1 Corinthians 15:22, 15:45: 1 Timothy 2:13-14). And, there is nothing whatsoever to suggest that mankind came from other lower species, or that any of the Biblical authors believed anything other than that creation occurred in the way literally described by the early chapters of Genesis.
Further, if Adam was actually a representative of some "proto-human" (which is not what the text says), the fact remains that there are explicit genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11 which give a definite timeline from Adam to Abraham, and the number given is on the order of a few thousand years. But, Abraham was not living hundreds of thousands of years ago. Most conservative Christians place him around 2,000 BCE. So, the account in Genesis, taken on its own terms, disallows the kind of dramatic reinterpretation which is required by modern educated Christians.
Additionally, there is nothing whatsoever to indicate that Jesus, if approached by someone from modern times asking for an account of creation, would have given them anything other than a literal reading of Genesis. He references the account in passing (Matthew 19:4-6, Mark 10:6-8) without giving any indication that he really "knew more". It is therefore a great irony that if Christians who accept Evolution were to give that account to their "lord", he would probably have screamed that they were heretics, and threatened them with Hellfire (as he did frequently; Matthew 5:22, 10:28, 18:9, 25:41, etc.).
No, Christianity is not compatible with either the theory of Evolution, or modern scientific understandings of mankind, the earth, or the universe. The Bible is contradicted by modern science on fundamental points, from which Biblical doctrine is derived, and an honest person must choose between a belief in the Bible or an acceptance of modern scientific evidence. The two cannot be maintained together without cognitive dissonance.